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This paper explores the challenges associated with assessing video quality. The challenge is modeling the customer’s reaction on their new TV. Many factors affect the video before it gets to the TV: compression, image processing, scaling, decoding, trans

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

mission, etc. To isolate their video algorithm, companies perform verification using: subjective and objective video assessment techniques.

Subjective assessment consists of bringing a group of experts into a room, and asking them which videos they like

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

better. This is time consuming and costly.Objective testing requires an algorithm, which models the results of the video experts surveyed above. While it would be far cheaper, to perform only objective test, nothing beats the human eye. Thus, Objective v

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

deo quality measurements and Subjective video quality assessment are complementary rather than interchangeable. Subjective assessment is appropriate for research related purposes; objective measurements are required for equipment specifications, QA testi

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

g, and monitoring.

Problem StatementWhen dealing with equipment to process TV & video transmissions, every design depends on accurate, repeatable measurements. A complex relationship between objective parameter measurements and subjective video quality

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

xists. The goal is to achieve an objective metric; that is an automated measurement. All of the equipment must be tested from video processors, compression units, transmission gear, set-top boxes, and displays. The evaluation of the video quality and ult

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

mately, the customer’s reaction to the picture shown on their new HDTV drives the business.

Previous OptionsFor years, traditional techniques that looked at color, brightness, contrast, etc. were effective. However, the advent of compressed digital vide

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

transmission has complicated the process of evaluating video sequences, with respect to perceived picture quality. During compression, a certain amount of the original content is knowingly discarded. Visible impairments such as “blockiness” and Gaussian

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

noise are by-products. Traditional measurement techniques that look at color, brightness, contrast, etc. are no longer effective. Objective Measurement StatusAfter analyzing the subjective results, considerable work has been done to come up with a quant

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

fiable, repeatable measurement which is not dependent on the video sequence. To date, objective measurements have not proven to estimate the user’s opinion. To introduce and qualify new algorithms, Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) was formed in 1997, a

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

d generally acts in cooperation with ITU. VQEG has conducted two phases of testing; in the first phase ten algorithms were tested, and the conclusion reached was that all of them were statistically equivalent. A second phase of testing, conducted several

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

years later, involved a smaller set of algorithms, more controlled video sequences, and a better defined test environment. The result of the second phases warranted the recent ITU-T Recommendation J.144. Three basic types of objective video assessment m

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

trics exist:

Full Reference – A method that conducts a comparison of video source to resultant.· Reduced Reference – A method that conducts a comparison of a reduced video source to a full result. No Reference – A method when there is no referen

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

e. The three methods have different applications, and they provide different degrees of measurement accuracy, expressed in terms of correlation with subjective assessment results. The work to date has centered on full reference algorithms. Full reference

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

algorithms perform a detailed comparison of the input and output video sequence. This is a computationally intensive process, which involves per-pixel processing, and temporal, spatial alignment of the input and output streams. Full reference algorithms

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

can achieve good levels of correlation with subjective test data. Having the reference video sequence available is only possible for certain applications: for example in lab testing, pre-deployment test or troubleshooting. One of the earliest full refere

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

ce algorithms is PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), which is literally a measurement of the mean error between input and output as a ratio of the peak signal level, expressed in dB.

A typical “good” PSNR is around 30dB and it is generally accepted that

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

SNR values of less than 18dB are unacceptable. PSNR is the most widely used technique for image and video quality measurement. A wide range of full reference algorithms have been developed including: MPQM (Moving Pictures Quality Metric - 1996) from EPF

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

in Switzerland, the US Government NTIA ITS lab’s VQM (Video Quality Metric – 1999), Sarnoff’s JND (Just Noticeable Differences), and Wang’s SSIM ('Structural SIMilarity). ITU-T J.144 does not actually specify a single algorithm but “provides guidelines

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

n the selection of appropriate” techniques. J.144 does contain descriptions and test results for four full reference algorithms. The VQM algorithm from the US Government’s NTIA ITS lab achieved slightly better performance than the other algorithms listed

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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